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- GNU Free Documentation License
- Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
- Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- <https://fsf.org/>
- Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
- of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
- 0. PREAMBLE
- The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
- functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
- assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
- with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
- Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
- to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
- for modifications made by others.
- This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
- works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
- complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
- license designed for free software.
- We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
- software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
- program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
- software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
- it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
- whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
- principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
- 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
- This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
- contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
- distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
- world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
- work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below,
- refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
- licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you
- copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
- under copyright law.
- A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
- Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
- modifications and/or translated into another language.
- A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
- the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
- publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
- subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
- directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in
- part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
- any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
- connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
- commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
- them.
- The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
- are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
- that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
- section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
- allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
- Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
- Sections then there are none.
- The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
- as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
- the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
- be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
- A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
- represented in a format whose specification is available to the
- general public, that is suitable for revising the document
- straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
- pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
- drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
- for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
- to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
- format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
- or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
- An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
- of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
- Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
- ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
- or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
- HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of
- transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats
- include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
- proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
- processing tools are not generally available, and the
- machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
- processors for output purposes only.
- The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
- plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
- this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
- formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
- the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
- preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
- The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of
- the Document to the public.
- A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose
- title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
- text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
- specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",
- "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title"
- of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
- section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
- The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
- states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
- Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
- License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
- implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
- no effect on the meaning of this License.
- 2. VERBATIM COPYING
- You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
- commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
- copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
- to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no
- other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
- technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
- copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
- compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
- number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
- You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
- you may publicly display copies.
- 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
- If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
- printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
- Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
- copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
- Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
- the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
- you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
- the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
- visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
- Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
- the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
- as verbatim copying in other respects.
- If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
- legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
- reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
- pages.
- If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
- more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
- copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
- a computer-network location from which the general network-using
- public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
- a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
- If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
- when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
- that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
- location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
- Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
- edition to the public.
- It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
- Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to
- give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
- Document.
- 4. MODIFICATIONS
- You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
- the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
- the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
- Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
- and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
- of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
- A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
- from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
- (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
- of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
- if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
- B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
- responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
- Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
- Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
- unless they release you from this requirement.
- C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
- Modified Version, as the publisher.
- D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
- E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
- adjacent to the other copyright notices.
- F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
- giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
- terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
- G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
- and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
- H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
- I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add
- to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
- publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
- there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one
- stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
- given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
- Version as stated in the previous sentence.
- J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
- public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
- the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
- it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section.
- You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
- least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
- publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
- K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
- Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
- the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
- and/or dedications given therein.
- L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
- unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
- or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
- M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
- may not be included in the Modified Version.
- N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"
- or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
- O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
- If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
- appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
- copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
- of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
- list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
- These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
- You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
- nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
- parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
- been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
- standard.
- You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
- passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
- of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
- Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
- through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
- includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
- by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
- you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
- permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
- The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
- give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
- imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
- 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
- You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
- License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
- versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
- Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
- list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
- license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
- The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
- multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
- copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
- different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
- adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
- author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
- Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
- Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
- In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
- in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
- "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
- and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
- Entitled "Endorsements".
- 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
- You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
- documents released under this License, and replace the individual
- copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
- that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules
- of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all
- other respects.
- You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
- distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
- copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
- License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
- document.
- 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
- A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
- and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
- distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
- resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
- of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
- When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
- apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
- derivative works of the Document.
- If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
- copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
- the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
- covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
- electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
- Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
- aggregate.
- 8. TRANSLATION
- Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
- distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
- Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
- permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
- translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
- original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
- translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
- Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
- the original English version of this License and the original versions
- of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
- the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
- or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
- If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
- "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
- its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
- title.
- 9. TERMINATION
- You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
- except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
- otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
- will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
- However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
- from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
- unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
- terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
- fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
- 60 days after the cessation.
- Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
- reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
- violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
- received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
- copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
- your receipt of the notice.
- Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
- licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
- this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
- reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
- not give you any rights to use it.
- 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
- The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
- GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions
- will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
- detail to address new problems or concerns. See
- https://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
- Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
- If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
- License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
- following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
- of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
- Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
- number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
- as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document
- specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
- License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a
- version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
- Document.
- 11. RELICENSING
- "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
- World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
- provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
- public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A
- "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site
- means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
- "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
- license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
- corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
- California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
- published by that same organization.
- "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in
- part, as part of another Document.
- An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
- License, and if all works that were first published under this License
- somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or
- in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and
- (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
- The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
- under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
- provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
- ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
- To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
- the License in the document and put the following copyright and
- license notices just after the title page:
- Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
- Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
- under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
- or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
- with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
- A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
- Free Documentation License".
- If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
- replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
- with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
- Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
- If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
- combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
- situation.
- If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
- recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
- free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
- to permit their use in free software.
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